Danish Amoz

Mining Geology Introduction What is mining? Mining is the process of excavating minerals of economic value from the earth’s crus for benefit of mankind. Here we can assume that the earth’s crust, the outer surface of the earth, including the oceans, lakes and rivers, extends to depths of 30 to 50 km or so. For mining operations, one should have a working knowledge of geology. The word geology means the science of the earth and deals with the natural origin of the rocks that constitute the earth. A person interested in the extraction of minerals from the earth is, however, concerned with the thin surface of rocks that make up the earth crust to a depth of a maximum of 5 km so that geology enables him to locate, and to decide, the sites most economics form mining or quarrying. In geology, the terms minerals and rock have precise but different meanings. A mineral is a homogeneous and naturally occurring substance having definite physical properties and a composition that may be expressed

Common Minerals About 107 elements are detected in laboratories, of which but only eight are found in abundance in the composition of the outer surface of the earth. These elements make up 98% of the Earth's visible crust. These are given (in order of frequency).  Oxygen              - 47% Calcium                3.5% Talc                     - 28% Sodium                 2.5% Aluminum              - 8% Pvtasym                    2.5% Iron                          - 5% magnesium           2.0% Total                98.5% Combinations of, these eight common minerals together produce the most rock-forming minerals that make up the majority of rocks. The most common ores are feldspar, quartz, mica, amphibole, pyroxene and olivine. The other 96 elements are relatively rare, making up only 1.5 percent of the Earth's crust. For example, copper - 0.0045%, lead - 0.00015%, gold - 0.0000007%. Approximately 2,000 mineral specimens are listed, but real economic targets of mining acti

Geochemically abundant and scarce metals Industrial and technological Metals applications can be divide into two categories based on their frequency of existence in the Earth's crust. Abundant geochemical metals, which are five elements (aluminium, iron, magnesium, manganese, and titanium), make up more than 0.1 percent of the earth's crust, while geochemical scarce metals, which include other metals as well (Including copper, lead, zinc, gold and silver), account for less than 0.1%. Almost in every rock, by accurate chemical analysis, at least small amounts of all metals can be detected. However, there are important differences in how abundant and rare metals occur in ordinary rocks. Geochemically abundant metals are present as basic constituents in minerals. Basalt, for example, is a common igneous rock composed mainly of the olivine and pyroxene (iron-magnesium silicate) minerals, feldspar (sodium-calcium-aluminium silicate), and ilmenite (iron titanium oxide). Accurate chem

What is a Commodity? If we look at the legal definition of a commodity, it is defined as ‘ a tangible item that may be bought or sold; something produced for commerce’ . Therefore, commodities are considered to be marketable goods or wares, such as raw or partially processed materials, farm products, or even jewellery. Intangibles, such as human labour, services, or marketing & advertising, are typically not considered to be commodities. Where, when and what – the fundamentals of commodity pricing? End-users buy physical commodities to meet staple needs. The commodity has to be fit for purpose and it needs to be available. These requirements determine the three pillars for pricing:  • Where: delivery location  • When: delivery timing  • What: the product quality or grade  Commodity trading firms bridge gaps between producers and consumers based on these three pillars, through transformations in space, time and form.  • Space: transport the commodity to alter

uranium deposits types. Geologic setting of important types of uranium deposits. Note that each type of deposit is shown in host rocks of the most common age.

 نهشت کانی، سپرده معدنی (Mineral Deposits) سپرده معدنی ، تجمیع یک ماده معدنی با غلظت غیرمعمول بالا را گویند. حدود نیمی از عناصر کیمیایی شناخته شده دارای برخی ازخواص فلزی هستند. گرچه اصطلاح فلز فقط برای آن دسته ازعناصر شیمیایی اختصاص داده شده است که دارای دو یا چند مورد از خصوصیات فیزیکی مشخص فلزات (کدورت ، تورق، انعطاف پذیری، قابلیت ذوب) هستند وهمچنین رساناهای (conductors) خوبی برای گرما و برق هستند. تقریباً 40 فلز از طریق استخراج و ذوب مواد معدنی که در آنها موجود اند در دسترس قرار می گیرند.  انواع خاصی از مواد معدنی را می توان با آسودگی بیشتری نسبت به بقیه ذوب کرد؛ که معمولاً بنام مواد معدنی یاد میشوند. مواد معدنی معدنی تمایل دارند که در توده های سنگی محلی و کوچک متمرکز شوند که در نتیجه فرآیندهای خاص زمینی تشکیل می شوند و به این غلظت های محلی رسوبات معدنی گفته می شود. سپرده های معدنی همان چیزی هستند که جستجوگران به دنبال آن هستند. اصطلاحات کانه (ore mineral) و سپرده معدنی در اصل فقط برای کانی یا منرال ها و مواد معدنی که فلزات از آنها بازیابی می شد مورد استفاده قرار می گرفت، اما استفاد