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Metamorphic Roks

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METAMORPHIC ROCKS Metamorphic rocks are altered forms of pre-existing rocks which might have been igneous or sedimentary. The alternation may be due to either heat or pressure or by both acting together. Un er t e effect of pressure and temperature certain of the original miners are no longer stable and give place to new minerals. Quartz, e spar, and hornblende are stable under both igneous and metamorphic conditions. In addition to new minerals, new textures arise during the process of alteration or metamorphism. Rocks not altered beyond recognition include quartzite (from sandstone) and slate (from clay). Rocks altered beyond recognition include rocks known as gneisses and schists. The original rock-forming material and the names of original rocks and metamorphic rocks produced by it are given below. Mineral Original rock Metamorphic rock Sand Sandstone Quartzite Clay Shale Slate, mica-schist Calcium
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Sedimentary rocks

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Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary rocks include all rocks formed by deposition in beds or layers (strata) of the material derived from older rocks and also cover rocks formed by chemical or organic agencies. The materials may be carried by water, wind or glacier, e.g., in the case of sandstone, shale, etc. The majority of these sedimentary rocks are formed by deposition on riverbeds, or seabed and into basins or depressions on the earth's surface. The consolidation of loose sediments into hard also by deposition of cementing materials into spaces between particles of the sediments. The chief cementing materials or some mineral finely spread throughout the rock. The colour of the rock often changes on account of alteration of the original constituents due to atmospheric agencies, chiefly water. The sedimentary rocks were formed practically in the horizontal position but due to earth movements associated with earthquakes or other causes, they were tilted from the horizo
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Different types of timber support

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Different types of timber supports  Timber props  Timber placed normally between the roof and floor of roadways, etc. in coal mines is called timber prop. Timber prop in metal mines is sometimes called stull. A timber prop when erected in a mine to support the roof should yield slightly under the roof weight. The timber prop is strongest when the load acts parallel to its length; a prop as such is almost unyielding but a certain yield is obtained by; a) tapering it at the foot or top, or b) and providing a lid at the top as a compressible cushion between the roof and the end of the prop. In flat seams the prop is erected vertical, and in inclined seams, axis of the prop should be normal to the dip of the seam. The prop then offers the maximum resistance to the roof. A prop which is so set that its axis is between the vertical and the normal to the seam is known as and underset prop. Erection of underset props is not common as it is not possible for the timberman to judge wh
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Indicated , inferred, measured resources

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inferred  mineral resource  indicated mineral resource  measured mineral resource inferred mineral resource is that part of a mineral resource for which quantity and grade or quality can be estimated On the basis of geological evidence and limited sampling  An indicated mineral resource is that part of a mineral resource for which quantity, grade or quality, densities, shape and physical characteristics, can be estimated A measured mineral resource is that part of a mineral resource for which quantity, grade or quality, densities, shape and physical characteristics are so well established that they can be estimated estimated with a low level of confidence. It is inferred from geological evidence and assumed but not verified geological or grade  level of confidence sufficient to allow the appropriate application of technical and economic parameters, to support mine planning and evaluation of the economic viability of the deposit. with confidence suffi
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Timber support for different places in mine

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Timber support in coal mine Side Support:  Wooden laggings are placed tight between vertical props and pillar where the sides are weak and need support. Sometimes the timber set of prop and bar has to resist pressure from sides which tend to crush into the roadways. Notching is useful in such cases. The props should be set at an angle of 14° to 20° off the vertical and the feet well sunk into the floor. An alternative method of resisting side pressure is to sink the props well into the floor and to reinforce the timber-set by an additional bar or stretcher (dotted bar in fig), which may be nailed to the props. As this reduces effective height of roadway, its use may not be advisable in roadways of less than 2 m height, used by basket loaders. Reinforced Timber set or chockmate Notched Prop Support of a Roadway:  Where the roof of a roadway is bad over some distance bars resting in holes of coal pillars and tightened against the roof by wooden laggings may be erected
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50 common word roots, prefixes and suffixes

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50 Common Word Roots  prefixes and suffixes  for the GRE some words are made up of different parts, for example, unemployment. unemployment has a beginning (prefix), a middle (root word) and an ending (suffix) un-employ-ment            un ----->; prefix employ---->; root ment---->; suffix A root word is a real word and you can make new words from it by adding prefixes and suffixes. Root words are helpful for learning both the meaning and the spelling of a word.  here are sone more examples of root words and their woerd families: use:   use less,  use able,  use d, using,  use r, mis use friend:  friend ly,  friend ship, un friend ly ,  friend less faith:  faith ful,  faith fully, un faith ful, un faith fully Below find, a list of  50 common word roots, prefixes, and suffixes  that may help you on the GRE, as well as some words that use each of those roots. This list was drawn up by looking at what roots appeared repeatedly on official GRE
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Options, Call & Put options, futures

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Option –  the right to buy or sell a futures contract at a particular price. The right to buy a futures contract is called a Call Option. The right to sell a futures contract is called a Put Option. The price chosen for which to buy or sell is called the Strike Price. The price paid for the right is called the Option Premium. Example of Call option order: Buy one contract November wheat call - €250 strike at €15 premium. Call Option  A contract which gives the purchaser the right, though not the obligation, to purchase the underlying security at a specific price within a specific time frame Suppose the Infosys is currently trading at INR 900. A trader thinks that the current price of Infosys is undervalued and expected to increase in the future. In this case, he buys the call option of Infosys and pays a premium to the call seller. Suppose the price of Infosys increases to INR 1000 at expiry. Then the buyer will exercise the option since he has the right to exercise. In this c
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Unconformity-Related Uranium Deposit

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Unconformity-Related Uranium Deposits definition: Unconformity [ŭn′kən-fôr′mĭ-tē] A surface between successive strata representing a missing interval in the geologic record of time, produced either by an interruption in deposition or by the erosion of depositionally continuous strata followed by renewed deposition. An unconformity is a type of discontinuity.  or: An unconformity is time gap in the rock record between two rock units where the lower unit may be deformed, brecciated or altered and the overlying units are less deformed. Uranium deposits can occur in the underlying or overlying units. In the underlying units, there may be a weathering zone, fault zone or some other feature that increases the rocks porosity and permeability. In the overlying units, it may be the sandstones or some other features that allows the concentration of uranium.  Uranium unconformity deposits are generally associated with structures in sedimentary rocks that reflect the erosion surface
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Sandstone uranium deposits

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 Sandstone uranium deposits Uranium deposits hosted in Sandstone, occur in medium to coarse-grained sandstones deposited in a continental fluvial or marginal marine sedimentary environment. Impermeable shale/mudstone units are interbedded in the sedimentary sequence and often occur immediately above and below the mineralized sandstone. Uranium precipitated under reducing conditions caused by a variety of reducing agents within the sandstone including: carbonaceous material (detrital plant debris, amorphous humate, marine algae), sulphides (pyrite, H2S), hydrocarbons (petroleum), and interbedded basic volcanics with abundant ferro-magnesian minerals (eg chlorite). There are five main sub-types of sandstone deposits, often mixed: Basal channel deposits – wide channels filled with permeable sediments. Examples are Dalur and Khiagda (Russia), and Beverley and Honeymoon (South Australia). Tabular deposits – irregular, elongate lenticular bodies parallel to the depositional trend,
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Roof support in underground coal mine

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Roof support in underground coal mines Roof support in underground mines is used: To prevent major collapses of the mine roof; To protect miners from small rock falls that can occur from the immediate roof skin; To control deformations so that mine openings remain serviceable for both access and escape, as well as for ventilation of the mine workings Ensure continuity of ore production to avoid shortage in profit.  Finally, keeping expensive machines in the underground mines safe (e.g. machines used in long wall mining. When do we need to support mines? If there are weak or unconsolidated parts of rocks are present in the roof and walls of mines.  If there some geologic structures (e.g. shear zone) that weaken rocks.  If there are voids and spaces in the rocks. If there are some clay beds that can shrink and expand due to its swelling property, and hence sliding of rocks in presence of water can be expected. If there are underground water that helps in chemical wea
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