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Exsolution In mineralogy, process through which an initially homogeneous solid solution separates into at least two different crystalline minerals without the addition or removal of any materials. In most cases, it occurs upon cooling below the temperature of mutual solubility or stability of the solution . The sodium-rich feldspar albite (NaAlSi 3 O 8 ) and the potassium-rich feldspar orthoclase (KAlSi 3 O 8 ), for example, may exist in a homogeneous solid solution above 650° C (1,200° F), but below that temperature exsolution will occur. Orogeny , Orogeny , m ountain -building event, generally one that occurs in geosynclinal areas. In contrast to epeirogeny , an orogeny tends to occur during a relatively short time in linear belts and results in intensive deformation. Orogeny is usually accompanied by folding and faulting of strata, development of angular unconformities (interruptions in the normal deposition of sedimentary rock), and the deposition of clastic wedg

What do the terms mafic and felsic mean? These are both made up words used to indicate the chemical composition of silicate minerals, magmas, and igneous rocks. Mafic is used for silicate minerals, magmas, and rocks which are relatively high in the heavier elements. The term is derived from using the MA from magnesium and the FIC from the Latin word for iron, but mafic magmas also are relatively enriched in calcium and sodium. Mafic minerals are usually dark in color and have relatively high specific gravities (greater than 3.0). Common rock-forming mafic minerals include olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, biotite mica, and the plagioclase feldspars. Mafic magmas are usually produced at spreading centers, and represent material which is newly differentiated from the upper mantle. Common mafic rocks include basalt and gabbro. Felsic , on the other hand, is used for silicate minerals, magmas, and rocks which have a lower percentage of the heavier elements, and are correspondingly e

Uranium Uranium is a chemical element with symbol U and atomic number 92. It is a silvery-grey metal in the actinide series of the periodic table. A uranium atom has 92 protons and 92 electrons, of which 6 are valence electrons. Uranium is weakly radioactive because all isotopes of uranium are unstable, with half-lives varying between 159,200 years and 4.5 billion years. The most common isotopes in natural uranium are uranium-238 and uranium-235. Uranium has the highest atomic weight of the primordially occurring elements. Its density is about 70% higher than that of lead, and slightly lower than that of gold or tungsten. It occurs naturally in low concentrations of a few parts per million in soil, rock and water, and is commercially extracted from uranium bearing minerals such as uraninite. In nature, uranium is found as uranium-238 (99.2739–99.2752%), uranium-235 (0.7198–0.7202%), and a very small amount of uranium-234 (0.0050–0.0059%). Uranium decays slowly by emitting an a

Introduction to Radioactivity & Radioactive material  Radioactivity is the Spontaneous emission of radiation, either directly from unstable atomic nuclei or as a consequence of a nuclear reaction. The radiation, including alpha particles, nucleons, electrons, and gamma rays, emitted by a radioactive substance.  A Closer Look: In the nuclei of stable atoms, such as those of lead, the force binding the protons and neutrons to each other individually is great enough to hold together each nucleus as a whole. In other atoms, especially heavy ones such as those of uranium, this energy is insufficient, and the nuclei are unstable. An unstable nucleus spontaneously emits particles and energy in a process known as radioactive decay. The term radioactivity refers to the particles emitted. When enough particles and energy have been emitted to create a new, stable nucleus (often the nucleus of an entirely different element), radioactivity ceases. Uranium 238, is a very unstable element

 Qualification and appointment of safety officer In every belowground mine the average output of which exceeds 5,000 tonnes/month or in every opencast mine the average material handled of which exceeds 20,000 cubic metre/month , the manager must be assisted with a safety officer, who shall have the following qualifications. (a)  in the case of a belowground mine having an average monthly output in excess of 15,000 tonnes, a First Class Manager’s Certificate not restricted to opencast mines only;  (b)  in case of a mine having opencast workings with an average monthly material handled in excess of 50,000 cubic metre , a First Class Manager’s Certificate; (c)  in case of a belowground mine having an average monthly output in excess of 10,000 tonnes, but not exceeding 15,000 tonnes ,  a First Class Manager’s Certificate or Second Class Manager’s Certificate not restricted to opencast mines only;   (d)  in case of a mine with  opencast workings having an average monthly

 Qualification and appointment of ventilation officer * In underground gassy seam: + first degree , the average output of which exceeds 5,000 tonnes/month , or of + second or third degree the average output of which exceeds 2,500 tonnes /month , ventilation officer shall be recruited for supervising the maintenance of ventilation system of the mine, who shall be a person holding the following qualifications; (a) in the case of a mine consisting of gassy seams of first degree and having an average output in excess of 15,000 tonnes /month or a mine consisting of gassy seams of second or third degree and having an average output in excess of 10,000 tonne s /month , a Manager’s Certificate not restricted to open cast mines only; and  (b) in every other case, a Manager’s Certificate not restricted to opencast mines only or a Degree or Diploma in Mining or Mining Engineering recognised by  the Central Government:  Provided that  in the case of a mine consisting of g

    Rescue station At every rescue station there shall be appointed one Superintendent and at least two instructions and also, there shall be maintained a rescue brigade of not less tan eighteen rescue trained persons. In case  where the absence of the Superintendent at a rescue station exceeds 60 days, the owner shall appoint another Superintendent The owner shall, within seven days from the date of assumption or relinquishment of charge by the Superintendent , inform the Chief Inspector and ;the Inspector in-charge of the region where the mine is situated (Regional Inspector) in Form I.   Functions of rescue stations:- The functions of rescue station shall include:-   (i) imparting initial training in rescue and recovery work;        (ii)   imparting refresher training to rescue trained persons;     (iii) providing support by its own rescue teams and equipment in case of major accidents or longlasting rescue and recovery operations; and       (iv) carrying o

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 Sandstone uranium deposits Uranium deposits hosted in Sandstone, occur in medium to coarse-grained sandstones deposited in a continental fluvial or marginal marine sedimentary environment. Impermeable shale/mudstone units are interbedded in the sedimentary sequence and often occur immediately above and below the mineralized sandstone. Uranium precipitated under reducing conditions caused by a variety of reducing agents within the sandstone including: carbonaceous material (detrital plant debris, amorphous humate, marine algae), sulphides (pyrite, H2S), hydrocarbons (petroleum), and interbedded basic volcanics with abundant ferro-magnesian minerals (eg chlorite). There are five main sub-types of sandstone deposits, often mixed: Basal channel deposits – wide channels filled with permeable sediments. Examples are Dalur and Khiagda (Russia), and Beverley and Honeymoon (South Australia). Tabular deposits – irregular, elongate lenticular bodies parallel to the depositional trend,