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Accounting Ratios

  GP% Operating Profit %  Net Income % ROA ROE Inventory Days Receivable Days Payable days Debt to Equity Ratio Interest Coverage Current Ratio Quick Ratio Sure, I can explain these financial ratios: GP% - Gross Profit Margin Percentage: This measures the percentage of revenue that remains after deducting the cost of goods sold. It is calculated by subtracting cost of goods sold from revenue and then dividing the result by revenue. Operating Profit % - Operating Profit Margin Percentage: This measures the percentage of revenue that remains after deducting both cost of goods sold and operating expenses. It is calculated by subtracting cost of goods sold and operating expenses from revenue and then dividing the result by revenue. Net Income % - Net Profit Margin Percentage: This measures the percentage of revenue that remains after deducting all expenses, including interest and taxes. It is calculated by subtracting all expenses from revenue and then dividing the result by revenue. ROA -
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Cross cultural leader ship

Cross-cultural leadership refers to the ability of a leader to effectively manage and motivate a team consisting of individuals from diverse cultural backgrounds. It involves understanding and respecting cultural differences, adapting leadership styles, and effectively communicating with team members from different cultures to achieve shared goals. Effective cross-cultural leadership can lead to better collaboration, increased innovation, and improved organizational performance. Cross cultural leadership styles Cross-cultural leadership styles refer to the various leadership approaches that are effective in managing teams consisting of individuals from diverse cultural backgrounds. Some common cross-cultural leadership styles include: Transformational leadership: This style involves inspiring and motivating team members to achieve a common goal, often through coaching and mentorship. Servant leadership: This style emphasizes empathy, listening, and supporting team members, with the goa
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Efficiency Ratio:

 Efficiency Ratio: Definition, Formula, types and Example Efficiency ratio is a measure of the operating efficiency of a business. It is calculated by dividing operating expenses by net sales. The higher the efficiency ratio, the less efficient the company is considered to be. Formula: Efficiency ratio = Operating Expenses / Net Sales Types of Efficiency Ratios 1. Asset Turnover Ratio: This measures the efficiency of a company's use of its assets to generate sales. It is calculated by dividing the net sales by the average total assets. 2. Inventory Turnover Ratio: This measures how quickly a company is able to convert its inventory into sales. It is calculated by dividing the cost of goods sold by the average inventory. 3. Accounts Payable Turnover Ratio: This measures how quickly a company is able to pay its suppliers. It is calculated by dividing accounts payable by the average accounts payable. 4. Operating Expense Ratio: This measures the efficiency of a company's operation
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Liquidity Ratios:

Liquidity Ratios: Types and Their Importance Liquidity ratios measure a company’s ability to pay its short-term obligations. They indicate how well a company can convert its assets into ready cash to meet its obligations and are used to assess a company’s financial health. Liquidity ratios are important because they measure a company's ability to meet its short-term obligations. Common types of liquidity ratios include the following: 1. Current Ratio: The current ratio measures the relationship between current assets and current liabilities. It is calculated by dividing current assets by current liabilities. 2. Quick Ratio: The quick ratio, also known as the acid test ratio, measures the relationship between liquid assets and current liabilities. It is calculated by dividing liquid assets by current liabilities. 3. Cash Ratio: The cash ratio measures the relationship between cash and current liabilities. It is calculated by dividing cash by current liabilities. 4. Accounts Receivab
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Solvency Ratio

What Is a Solvency Ratio, and How Is It Calculated? A solvency ratio is a financial metric used to measure a company’s ability to pay its long-term liabilities. It is calculated by dividing a company’s total assets by its total liabilities. A ratio of 1 or higher indicates that the company has sufficient resources to meet its long-term obligations, while a ratio lower than 1 indicates that the company may not be able to pay its obligations. Solvency ratios are important indicators of a company’s financial stability and are used by investors, creditors, and other stakeholders to evaluate the company’s financial health. Table of content What Is a Solvency Ratio? How Is a Solvency Ratio Calculated? What Are the Different Types of Solvency Ratios? What Does a Low Solvency Ratio Indicate? Conclusion What is solvency Ratio? A solvency ratio is a financial metric used to measure a company’s ability to pay its long-term liabilities. It is calculated by dividing a company’s total assets by its
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Profitability Ratios:

table of content 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................... 2 2. What are Profitability Ratios? .............................................................................. 3 3. Types of Profitability Ratios ................................................................................ 4 3.1 Gross Profit Margin .......................................................................................... 4 3.2 Operating Profit Margin .................................................................................. 5 3.3 Net Profit Margin ............................................................................................ 5 3.4 Return on Assets (ROA) ................................................................................... 6 3.5 Return on Equity (ROE) ................................................................................... 6 3.6 Earnings Per Share (EPS) ........................
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Horizontal Analysis vs. Vertical Analysis

Horizontal Analysis vs. Vertical Analysis Horizontal analysis is a method of financial statement analysis that looks at changes in the amounts of corresponding financial statement items over a period of time. It is used to inspect trends, such as increases or decreases in accounts and to compare financial statements of different companies. Vertical analysis is a method of financial statement analysis that shows each item on a statement as a percentage of a base figure. It is typically used to compare financial statements of different companies by evaluating each line item as a percentage of total sales or total assets. This analysis is most commonly used to compare the financial statements of different companies in the same industry. Both methods of analysis are used to gain insight into the financial performance of a company. Horizontal analysis looks at changes in financial statement items over a period of time, while vertical analysis looks at each statement item as a percentage of
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Different types of timber support

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Different types of timber supports  Timber props  Timber placed normally between the roof and floor of roadways, etc. in coal mines is called timber prop. Timber prop in metal mines is sometimes called stull. A timber prop when erected in a mine to support the roof should yield slightly under the roof weight. The timber prop is strongest when the load acts parallel to its length; a prop as such is almost unyielding but a certain yield is obtained by; a) tapering it at the foot or top, or b) and providing a lid at the top as a compressible cushion between the roof and the end of the prop. In flat seams the prop is erected vertical, and in inclined seams, axis of the prop should be normal to the dip of the seam. The prop then offers the maximum resistance to the roof. A prop which is so set that its axis is between the vertical and the normal to the seam is known as and underset prop. Erection of underset props is not common as it is not possible for the timberman to judge wh
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Indicated , inferred, measured resources

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inferred  mineral resource  indicated mineral resource  measured mineral resource inferred mineral resource is that part of a mineral resource for which quantity and grade or quality can be estimated On the basis of geological evidence and limited sampling  An indicated mineral resource is that part of a mineral resource for which quantity, grade or quality, densities, shape and physical characteristics, can be estimated A measured mineral resource is that part of a mineral resource for which quantity, grade or quality, densities, shape and physical characteristics are so well established that they can be estimated estimated with a low level of confidence. It is inferred from geological evidence and assumed but not verified geological or grade  level of confidence sufficient to allow the appropriate application of technical and economic parameters, to support mine planning and evaluation of the economic viability of the deposit. with confidence suffi
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Timber support for different places in mine

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Timber support in coal mine Side Support:  Wooden laggings are placed tight between vertical props and pillar where the sides are weak and need support. Sometimes the timber set of prop and bar has to resist pressure from sides which tend to crush into the roadways. Notching is useful in such cases. The props should be set at an angle of 14° to 20° off the vertical and the feet well sunk into the floor. An alternative method of resisting side pressure is to sink the props well into the floor and to reinforce the timber-set by an additional bar or stretcher (dotted bar in fig), which may be nailed to the props. As this reduces effective height of roadway, its use may not be advisable in roadways of less than 2 m height, used by basket loaders. Reinforced Timber set or chockmate Notched Prop Support of a Roadway:  Where the roof of a roadway is bad over some distance bars resting in holes of coal pillars and tightened against the roof by wooden laggings may be erected
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50 common word roots, prefixes and suffixes

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50 Common Word Roots  prefixes and suffixes  for the GRE some words are made up of different parts, for example, unemployment. unemployment has a beginning (prefix), a middle (root word) and an ending (suffix) un-employ-ment            un ----->; prefix employ---->; root ment---->; suffix A root word is a real word and you can make new words from it by adding prefixes and suffixes. Root words are helpful for learning both the meaning and the spelling of a word.  here are sone more examples of root words and their woerd families: use:   use less,  use able,  use d, using,  use r, mis use friend:  friend ly,  friend ship, un friend ly ,  friend less faith:  faith ful,  faith fully, un faith ful, un faith fully Below find, a list of  50 common word roots, prefixes, and suffixes  that may help you on the GRE, as well as some words that use each of those roots. This list was drawn up by looking at what roots appeared repeatedly on official GRE
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Options, Call & Put options, futures

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Option –  the right to buy or sell a futures contract at a particular price. The right to buy a futures contract is called a Call Option. The right to sell a futures contract is called a Put Option. The price chosen for which to buy or sell is called the Strike Price. The price paid for the right is called the Option Premium. Example of Call option order: Buy one contract November wheat call - €250 strike at €15 premium. Call Option  A contract which gives the purchaser the right, though not the obligation, to purchase the underlying security at a specific price within a specific time frame Suppose the Infosys is currently trading at INR 900. A trader thinks that the current price of Infosys is undervalued and expected to increase in the future. In this case, he buys the call option of Infosys and pays a premium to the call seller. Suppose the price of Infosys increases to INR 1000 at expiry. Then the buyer will exercise the option since he has the right to exercise. In this c
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Unconformity-Related Uranium Deposit

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Unconformity-Related Uranium Deposits definition: Unconformity [ŭn′kən-fôr′mĭ-tē] A surface between successive strata representing a missing interval in the geologic record of time, produced either by an interruption in deposition or by the erosion of depositionally continuous strata followed by renewed deposition. An unconformity is a type of discontinuity.  or: An unconformity is time gap in the rock record between two rock units where the lower unit may be deformed, brecciated or altered and the overlying units are less deformed. Uranium deposits can occur in the underlying or overlying units. In the underlying units, there may be a weathering zone, fault zone or some other feature that increases the rocks porosity and permeability. In the overlying units, it may be the sandstones or some other features that allows the concentration of uranium.  Uranium unconformity deposits are generally associated with structures in sedimentary rocks that reflect the erosion surface
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Sandstone uranium deposits

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 Sandstone uranium deposits Uranium deposits hosted in Sandstone, occur in medium to coarse-grained sandstones deposited in a continental fluvial or marginal marine sedimentary environment. Impermeable shale/mudstone units are interbedded in the sedimentary sequence and often occur immediately above and below the mineralized sandstone. Uranium precipitated under reducing conditions caused by a variety of reducing agents within the sandstone including: carbonaceous material (detrital plant debris, amorphous humate, marine algae), sulphides (pyrite, H2S), hydrocarbons (petroleum), and interbedded basic volcanics with abundant ferro-magnesian minerals (eg chlorite). There are five main sub-types of sandstone deposits, often mixed: Basal channel deposits – wide channels filled with permeable sediments. Examples are Dalur and Khiagda (Russia), and Beverley and Honeymoon (South Australia). Tabular deposits – irregular, elongate lenticular bodies parallel to the depositional trend,
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Roof support in underground coal mine

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Roof support in underground coal mines Roof support in underground mines is used: To prevent major collapses of the mine roof; To protect miners from small rock falls that can occur from the immediate roof skin; To control deformations so that mine openings remain serviceable for both access and escape, as well as for ventilation of the mine workings Ensure continuity of ore production to avoid shortage in profit.  Finally, keeping expensive machines in the underground mines safe (e.g. machines used in long wall mining. When do we need to support mines? If there are weak or unconsolidated parts of rocks are present in the roof and walls of mines.  If there some geologic structures (e.g. shear zone) that weaken rocks.  If there are voids and spaces in the rocks. If there are some clay beds that can shrink and expand due to its swelling property, and hence sliding of rocks in presence of water can be expected. If there are underground water that helps in chemical wea
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